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Siege of Marienburg occurred during the Thirteen Years' War between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. Marienburg was the capital of the state of the Teutonic Order, in particular, the residence of the Grand Master of the order. An alliance of Prussians and Poles besieged the city beginning 27 February 1454 with mercenaries from Danzig, and the necessary artillery. ==Background== In 1230, following the Golden Bull of Rimini, Grand Master Hermann von Salza and Duke Konrad I of Masovia launched the Prussian Crusade, a joint invasion with the prince of Poland,of Prussia intended to Christianize the Old Prussians living in along the Baltic Sea. The Knights moved against their Polish hosts and, with the Holy Roman Emperor's support, annexed Kulmerland (also called Ziemia Chelminska and now called Chełmno Land) into their own property. Subsequently, the Order created the independent Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, adding continuously to their own holdings from the conquered Prussians' territory, and made little distinction between Prussian territory and that ruled and/or claimed by the Polish princes. They subsequently conquered Livonia.〔 David Nicolle, ''Teutonic Knights: 1190–1561,'' Osprey, 2007, ISBN 9781846030758 (pp. 6–8 ).〕 The Order theoretically lost its main purpose in Europe, the Christianization of Lithuania. However, it initiated numerous campaigns against its Christian neighbors, the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Novgorod Republic (after assimilating the Livonian Order). The Teutonic Knights had a strong economic base, and could hire mercenaries from throughout Europe to augment their feudal levies, and became a naval power in the Baltic Sea. By the late fourteenth century, the Knights became the strong-arm of German Imperial policy in the Baltic Region, imposing the Holy Roman Emperor's will upon the both the non-Christianized peoples and subjugated Poles, Pomeranians, Livonians, Lithuanies, and residents of such mercantile cities as Danzig.〔Nicolle, p. 9.〕 In 1410, a Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military power at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). The dispute between Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order over the control of Gdańsk Pomerania had lasted since the 1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) when that territory was taken from Poland and annexed by the Teutonic Order. This event resulted in a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars throughout 14th and 15th centuries. In the 15th century, the towns of Prussia rapidly grew economically. However, this was not followed by an increase in their political influence. Over time, the kings of Poland denounced the Order of holding lands rightfully theirs, specifically Chełmno Land and Polish lands that would be conquered later, such as Pomerelia (also Pomorze Gdańskie or Pomerania), Kujawy, and Dobrzyń Land.〔 Over time, the kings of Poland denounced the Order for holding lands rightfully theirs, specifically Chełmno Land and Polish lands that would be conquered later, such as Pomerania (also called Pomorze Gdańskie), Kujawy, and Dobrzyń Land. Furthermore, the rule of the Teutonic Knights was seen as increasingly anachronistic—taxes (customs) and the system of grain licenses (every trader had to pay large fees for the privilege of trading grain) hindered economic development in the province. At the same time the nobility sought a larger say in the running of the country, and were looking enviously at neighboring Poland, where the Polish nobility enjoyed wider privileges. The Knights were also accused of violating the few existing privileges of the nobility and the cities. Craftsmen were discontented because of competition from so-called ''partacze'', or artisans settled by the Knights near their castles. Kashubians, Poles, Germans, and Prussians were slowly melting into one nation, and as national differences disappeared, the common goals of all the ethnic and social groups of Prussia became more prominent, and the Prussian estates leaned increasingly towards Poland.〔 Walter James Wyatt, ''The History of Prussia: A. D. 1390–1525,'' Longmanns, Green and Company, 1876, pp. 164–173. 〕〔Nicholle, pp. 10–11.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Siege of Marienburg (1454)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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